ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To determine antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence potential of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) isolates from clinical human diarrheal infections, cattle and healthy broilers.@*METHODS@#Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of C. jejuni isolates were determined by Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion assay. These isolates were then subjected to virulence profiling for the detection of mapA (membrane-associated protein), cadF (fibronectin binding protein), wlaN (beta-l,3-galactosyltransferase) and neuAB (sialic acid biosynthesis gene). Further C. jejuni isolates were grouped by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling.@*RESULTS@#A total of 436 samples from poultry (n=88), cattle (n=216) and humans (n=132) from different locations were collected. Results revealed percentage of C. jejuni isolates were 35.2% (31/88), 25.0% (54/216) and 11.3% (15/132) among poultry, cattle and clinical human samples respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that similar resistance patterns to cephalothin was ie. 87.0%, 87.1% and 89%among humans, poultry and cattle respectively, followed by sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim 40.0%, 38.7% and 31.0% in humans, poultry and cattle and Ampicillin 40%, 32% and 20% in humans, poultry and cattle respectively. Beta-lactamase activity was detected in 40.00% humans, 20.37% cattle and 32.25% in poultry C. jejuni isolates. CadF and mapA were present in all poultry, cattle and human C. jejuni isolates, wlaN was not detected in any isolate and neuAB was found in 9/31 (36%) poultry isolates. RAPD profiling results suggested high diversity of C. jejuni isolates.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Detection of multidrug resistant C. jejuni strains from poultry and cattle is alarming as they can be potential hazard to humans. Moreover, predominant association of virulence factors, cadF and mapA (100% each) in C. jejuni isolates from all sources and neuAB (36%) with poultry isolates suggest the potential source of transmission of diverse types of C. jejuni to humans.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence potential of Campylobacter jejuni (. C. jejuni) isolates from clinical human diarrheal infections, cattle and healthy broilers. Methods: Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of C. jejuni isolates were determined by Kirby Bauer Disc Diffusion assay. These isolates were then subjected to virulence profiling for the detection of mapA (membrane-associated protein), cadF (fibronectin binding protein), wlaN (beta-l,3-galactosyltransferase) and neuAB (sialic acid biosynthesis gene). Further C. jejuni isolates were grouped by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling. Results: A total of 436 samples from poultry (. n=88), cattle (. n=216) and humans (. n=132) from different locations were collected. Results revealed percentage of C. jejuni isolates were 35.2% (31/88), 25.0% (54/216) and 11.3% (15/132) among poultry, cattle and clinical human samples respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed that similar resistance patterns to cephalothin was ie. 87.0%, 87.1% and 89%among humans, poultry and cattle respectively, followed by sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim 40.0%, 38.7% and 31.0% in humans, poultry and cattle and Ampicillin 40%, 32% and 20% in humans, poultry and cattle respectively. Beta-lactamase activity was detected in 40.00% humans, 20.37% cattle and 32.25% in poultry C. jejuni isolates. CadF and mapA were present in all poultry, cattle and human C. jejuni isolates, wlaN was not detected in any isolate and neuAB was found in 9/31 (36%) poultry isolates. RAPD profiling results suggested high diversity of C. jejuni isolates. Conclusions: Detection of multidrug resistant C. jejuni strains from poultry and cattle is alarming as they can be potential hazard to humans. Moreover, predominant association of virulence factors, cadF and mapA (100% each) in C. jejuni isolates from all sources and neuAB (36%) with poultry isolates suggest the potential source of transmission of diverse types of C. jejuni to humans.
ABSTRACT
Diphtheria is a communicable disease of global significance, and its outbreaks have to be reported to the world community under the International Health Regulations [IHR]. A pilot seroepidemiological survey was conducted to assess immunity status of diphtheria among healthy individuals of Rawalpindi/Islamabad [Pakistan], who had been administered at least one dose of the vaccine against the disease, as part of childhood vaccination. The study group comprised of 128 healthy subjects, grouped according to the decade representing their age. Antidiphtheria IgG levels were measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA] method. The studied sample showed 100% prevalence of diphtheria antitoxin, confirming prior vaccination; however 49.2% exhibited only minimal protection against diphtheria. Full protection was observed in a significantly higher [p=0.013] percentage of males [54.45%] as compared to female subjects [33.33%]. Maximum level of serum antibodies were seen in 1-10 year age group [0.195+0.031 IU/mL], which was significantly higher than that recorded in the age group of 11-20 [p=0.024] and above 30 years [p=0.0064]. The present results emphasize the need for periodical booster immunization in adolescents and adults, after primary childhood immunization